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Chronicle dissection (2 / 4)

These are among the most memorable experience of teaching and often criticized or cited as a trauma, dissections n ' sontpas least in a remarkable year of observation. In these four articles entitled "chronic dissection" I shall return to these TP biologieanimale of L2 UPPA.

TP2: Mackerel

Parasitism galore!

For the second we spend in the TP group vertébrésavec the mackerel, pelagic (open sea) relatively common quifait subject to industrial fishing. The operation to oily fish (richeen omega3, vitamins A and B) is of course bound for Male, maiségalement salmon farms. Knowing that it takes 6kg of fish to "do" 1kg of salmon, and someone dies of hunger every les4 seconds in the world ... looking for the error!

That said, people and natural predators of mackerel are pale to operate only as a resource! Thus we find in the cavitégénérale, many parasitic worms from a few millimeters long, rolled circles ende small yellow or white opaque or sometimes forming cysts. Examples include the type Anisakis , a small nematode worm, which can provoke a strong immune response when consumed with Lachaire raw fish.

But these pests are nothing compared to that found in oral lacavité a mackerel (photo). This is a c rustacé isopod (all legs are identical) as woodlouse) of the family Cymothoidae dequelques centimeters long. For accurate identification, the group DORIS : Data Observations forthe Recognition and Identification of fauna and flora Underwater , Concluded that these Ceratothoa oestroides (Thanks to Benjamin Guichard, veterinary specialist fish diseases, and Jean-Paul Trilles, Professor of certain crustaceans).

Ceratothoa oestroides

[The oral cavity of the mackerel, and the crustacean parasite observed Ceratothoa oestroides : length about 3 cm ( More photos ). This parasite "may be a problem for farming Mediterranean bass and sea bream, not so much by the oral lesions that it causes because it prevents the fish from eating normally" indicates B. Guichard. ]

The lateral line or touch remote

The mackerel moves compact schools (Photo of introduction) and one can wonder about cettecapacité to perform synchronized movements at high speed sansqu'aucune collision occurs. The secret lies in the lateral line sensory that we observe little Lapart side upper body of the animal. It's actually unesuccession of mechano-receptors ouneuromastes. When the water pressure increases on the neuromast hair cells it contains move and transmit the signal auxdendrites ganglion neurons. These neuromasts are situated either directly outside, soitenfermés in a canal (the canal side of the line) that allows protectionof receptors and signal amplification.

This system is sensitive to lateral movements eauenvironnants thereby balancing swimming, collecting spent traveling speed or to sense an obstacle or a predator coming. In addition detected lateral line would also be involved in the perception of bassesfréquences, although we can not really speak for the hearing. So what fish see the heavy on the shore of a sinner. Finally ladécouverte magnetite Fe 2 O 4 in the system side of salmon, suggesting that organepourrait be involved in the perception of magnetic fields and terrestrepermettant migrating fish to locate in the vastness of the ocean.
It is noted that this system is perfectly adapted to aquatic life, takes advantage of the density of the aqueous medium. Unlike terrestrial organisms develop hearing, the air is less dense is more conducive to transmission of vibration.

WEBISODES techniques ...
In addition to the conduct of the intestine very fragile, dissectionprésente few things a bit tricky to release the liver and vésiculebiliaire attached to it, the body cavity. Thus after removing lanageoire chest and spleen, cut two straps that connect to the wall GALL BLADDER dorsal blood vessel and dumésentère. Until these links are present gallbladder forms a angledroit before reaching the liver, once cut, the gallbladder is more reliéeque by the cystic duct to the liver.

For the liver Things are complicated a little, not only this organeest fragile but increasingly it is attached in front by a large blood vessel: the hepatic vein. This vein is difficult to observe Karelia is deep and covered in part by the liver. Then we have lasectionner, mostly by guessing its location with a pair of pince.Une after cutting a large amount of blood flows and liver estlibre, attached only to the gut by the bile duct and pyloric caeca with desadhérences .

Russian Dolls

A final observation can be made at the end dedissection, to better understand the diet cespoissons, it is to incise the stomach to watch the content. Laplupart time mackerel feed on zooplankton but dereproduction period, from March to July, it becomes predatory fish and hunt depetite size as sardines or anchovies. Observed in the record of 6 TPest sardines (well digested) in one stomach. In some cases, the fish eaten whole (as they measure more than 5 cm long), sontencore in relatively good condition (see photo) giving then a Russian doll ... étrangeimpression dissection could she hide uneautre?!

[Stomach contents of mackerel: 3 sardines in a state of digestion + / - advanced]

[ The dissection ended]

Sources:

• Wikipedia http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquereau_commun
  and http://fr.wikipedia .org / wiki / Anisakis
• site DORIS: http://doris.ffessm.fr/
• For the lateral system: Animal Biology, Lescordés: Comparative anatomy of vertebrates. 9th edition. Andrew Beaumont, Pierre Cassier. Editions Dunod 653p.

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Compostelle.De On the way to Conques in Cahors. Note 8

Conques After the slate gray Gauloises are gradually replaced by the red tiles in Roman, south begins. Before arriving in Cahors, I step to the High Livinhac, Cajarc Varaire, Laburgade everywhere where I found excellent breeding and often good food.

I now crosses the Causses with their stone huts, their lofts and dolmens. I like the solitude and beauty so peculiar, I walk in joy. On the Causses I find on the trail and a stone bearing an inscription in English, it is written "the soul is in the body and the body is in the soul. "I agree.

A Varaire I find the Quebeckers with whom I organized a feast to the lodging of the Savage, and we decide to give plates with the help of the boss of the house which is his bread himself. Beneath the flash and the applause, I am instructed to cut a huge loaf of rustic and share. Then the boss makes a wine of Cahors shot from behind the bundles, literally and figuratively. Bellies good things and fatigue my companions collapsed on the dorm bed frames and soon after began a deafening concert where severe snoring interspersed with blasts Light of the greatest comic effect. Amazed I burst out laughing, causing immediately a deep silence in the dormitory, then the snoring started again and I fall to my turn to sleep. In the morning the alarm clock is painful because the Cahors wine has left its mark, but gradually walking the gum headache, and about noon a dolmen invites me at the break.

leans me with delight I grab a bite, then I allow myself a nap awake, a "meditation" some would say, but the term seems exaggerated though, I feel just totally well, harmony with myself and the universe, and I think men Prehistoric who frequented the place. Despite the gulf of time I feel like brothers. In the evening I'm at a stage Laburgade organic beekeeper who keeps the lodging of "happy Coulteur. I admire this man who received the pilgrims with a biblical simplicity, family, sharing and conviviality. From ruins everything he built himself. He sells his honey and its products locally, it can not afford to go on a trip, but he has a healthy family and friends who help each other. He lives consistently with his ecological ideas. There are few men like him in this time of reality where everything is rigged. Hats off before Mr Coulteur happy!

September 4, 2003 Cahors, where I turn I see dragging a poor clueless youth excites fighting dogs. I found the town and "civilization" light years of healthy life and patriarchal chosen by "the happy Coulteur. Besides the bridge Valentré Cahors no great interest. I leave this city without regret attacking vigorously the steep climb in front of the famous bridge. I can not wait to find solitude.

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dissection Chronicle (fourth)

These are among the most memorable experience of teaching and often criticized or cited as a trauma, dissections are nonetheless a remarkable exercise Observing the many pedagogical virtues. In these four articles entitled "chronic dissection" I shall return to these farm animal biology L2 UPPA.

TP1: mouthparts and the anatomy of a cricket

Subject Study: Locusta migratoria

"They covered the surface of the earth and the earth was in darkness, and they ate every plant of the earth and all fruit trees, [...] and there remained any green trees or plants of the fields in all the land of Egypt. "

The Bible, Book of Exodus 10, verse 16.

The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria is an orthopteran insect species belonging to the category of locusts: that is to say, crickets and locusts (capable gregarious life, swarm). It is also the case of locusts or locust. When population density is relatively low, the Desert leads a solitary life and eat normal amounts. But under certain conditions, when population density increases, due to wind convergence, the distribution of plants, or the concentration of egg laying (80 to 100 eggs every two months), locusts form a swarm. Under the effect of serotonin, the morphology and behavior of desert then changed radically: the color is more vivid, making more food (each locust eats its own weight in vegetation every day !), And the behavior is gregarious swarms with exceeding several billion people.

Although the consequences are disastrous for crops, the swarm can travel up to 200km per day under the action of the winds. Gregarious locusts are not one of the 10 plagues of Egypt for nothing!

[The desert locusts in the gregarious phase and left in solitary right]

mouthparts: Warning scrapping!

The dissection begins by pulling the mouthparts in good and due form. Small technical advice by the way, should be pulling the pieces really at the base where the cuticle is flexible, why should drag the tweezers from the side. The mandibles hard and brittle at the ends are the most difficult step. The mouthparts directed downwards (orthognathic available) are type grinder (ancestral character), and a good size for grinding plants. These rooms including 6 items (1 labrum, two mandibles, two maxillae, a labium) will have several major functions: to bring the plant to the mouth, grinding and cutting plants, snack and send them into the esophagus. Here are some pictures:

The digestive tract.
In the strange language used to describe the gut of insects is more or less the same as that used for the digestive tract of vertebrates. (My students may, however, probably attest that the vocabulary of zoologists is not poor either!). We speak of "stomach, gizzard, etc. rectum. And that although the structures and functions is often very different.

The gut is divided into three segments: stomodeum, the midgut, and proctodeum. The first segment consists of an esophagus, a crop and a gizzard's primary role is to grind and store ingested food. The boundary with the following segments is marked by swelling: the gastric caeca number 6 (sort of diverticula to increase the absorption surface), then comes the stomach that extends to the pyloric sphincter, insertion zone of the Malpighian tubes (responsible for the excretion of nitrogenous waste). Finally, the last segment includes ileum (intestine) short, a colon, rectum and inflated, leading to the anus.

Sources:

• Wikipedia http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locuste and
  http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criquet_migrateur
• site CIRAD Desert: http://locust.cirad.fr/tout_savoir/index.htm
• Lab Animal Biology - Zoology Embryology Histology, 3rd edition. Andrew Beaumont, Pierre Cassier. Editions Dunod 502p.

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Astronomy and ufology in Strasbourg

Congress astronomy and ufology 16 and 17 October in Strasbourg was a success, both the quality of the speakers that the number of visitors. The credit goes to Michael Padrini who worked at this event two years without sparing his strength, despite the painful illness from which he suffers. Tribute to him is rendered.

Congress was honored by the presence of renowned scientists such as Professor Chandra Wickramasinghe, director of the Center for Astrobiology at Cardiff. These scientists brought with solid information about a phenomenon long denied. This information was corroborated by the testimony of Jean-Claude Duboc, commander of Air France retired, Daniel Michau, test pilot helicopters Krine and Jack, former leader of the Patrouille de France.

Congress did show the urgent necessity of taking into account the phenomenon of science, and especially it has helped the public understand the origin of life lies not on earth but in space .

Such an event that could only disturb the Raelians who demonstrated near the conference room, but he also upset some members of the Observatoire de Strasbourg, who refused to participate in debates. Should we conclude that Raelians and archaeological scientists (or rather archaeological scientists) lead a joint struggle against the search truth? It is nonetheless true that they like it or not, it begins to emerge in public opinion more and more convinced that we are not alone in the universe.

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sponges our bathrooms

became an object is rare but we was easily alongside a pumice of Sicily on the edge of a tub foot a brown color instead of orange, with a honeycomb structure, and soaked with a characteristic smell of soap, a sponge bath is [ Spongia officinalis , photo-cons] ... Today our image of the sponge has changed, of course there's Bob on one side and the other Scotch Brite, equipped with the scraper to blush a hedgehog.


Pleasure systematists
SpongeBob cited in the introduction, will still deserves a remarkable despite its rectangular shape and pineapple house, one to include in the collective unconscious that sponges are animals, not plants. This question has indeed long been a subject of contention in the nineteenth century. Indeed, life fixed, the lack of well-defined nervous system or motility (ability to move) suggest that large sponges are plants. However, the heterotrophic mode of nutrition, and stages of development with the presence of two germ layers, indicating that this is the life of animals fixed.

[Ci-cons: SpongeBob, hero of the eponymous animated series]

Even today sponges are a puzzle to systematists, with animals as simple as the number of characters allowing establish a classification within the group is small and does not define sets of a robust phylogenetic perspective. Fortunately molecular studies provide new characters (including 18S rRNA), which should allow in the coming years to stabilize the classification of sponges. Currently sponges are classified into three groups: demosponges that have complex shapes (types Leucon), sponges hexactinellids , including the "skeleton" is siliceous and calcareous sponges finally (calcareous skeleton).

[calcareous sponges (left) and sponges hexactinellids (right), instrument H. Haeckel, 1904 ]


spicules and spongin
What is a skeleton of a sponge when it comes? The sponges are pretty much skins that filter and trap food particles present in the water current created by flagellated cells Typical choanocytes. These filtration structures retain their shape through "sticks" of rigid support: the spicules, siliceous or calcareous secreted by scleroblastes.

[spicules of sponges: Their shapes are varied traditional ANOVA. ]

In the demosponges these spicules are sometimes associated with proteins such as spongin, a particular form of collagen dispersed or organized in large fibers. Sometimes the spikes are totally absent and only the remaining spongin to form the structure of the sponge is particularly true of sponges: Spongia officinalis .

[ Euplectella : hexactinellid this sponge has siliceous spicules forming six-pointed stars (hexa = 6). We frequently found a pair of small crabs or shrimp trapped inside the towel after their growth so that Asia's Euplectella or baskets of Venus is a popular wedding gift.]

Reproduction and regeneration
The regenerative capacity the sponges are very important. Thus, when the cells are separated sponges, they can come together and reorganize themselves spontaneously to reform the sponge. Similarly fragments of individuals can regenerate an entire sponge is the 'cuttings "Sponges, method used for production in many sponges.

This may seem surprising in an organism as simple, but sponges are gonochoric, that is to say that the sexes are separate (there are male individuals and female individuals). The male's sperm are released into the water and are at the mercy of chance choanocytes caught by a female individual. The choanocyte turns and then migrates to the heart of the sponge to bring the female sperm into an oocyte. After which, after fertilization and incubation in the body of the female larva "amphiblastula" is released and will be fixed on a support after a period of free life when she moves.


sponges still useful ...
Despite the advent of synthetic materials with remarkable properties can largely supplant natural sponges, they still have many interests including science. The sponges are in fact reservoirs of biodiversity, and a specimen of G eodia mesotriaena harvested in the Gulf of California had more than 100 species different algae or animals without counting the bacteria. Pharmacologists are also looking closely sponge, was the lack of immune system, they produce antivirals such as spongopurine, and antibiotics such furospongine while spongopridine has antitumor properties.
Conclusion: Yes SpongeBob is really a hero!

[Symbiosis Crab / demosponges: This crab has a piece cut to size in the genus Suberites demosponges which benefits from food debris while it camouflages its bearer.]

wikipedia article: sponges

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Questions on Islam to Malek Chebel

Excerpts from a review of the presentation in Colmar (68) by Malek Chebel his new translation of the Koran. (Blog Colmar regionalism)

"Yesterday Circle St. Joseph Malek Chebel writer came to present his new translation of the Koran and his advocacy of an Islam of the lights .... on the merits of his presentation I stayed on my hunger because I feel that Malek Chebel dream Islam more than he seized the frightening reality to the eyes of the non-Muslim .....

...... Malek Chebel has also raised the idea of a theological directory of Islam, or even a "pope" Muslim. Why not? But above all for what? Such an approach only makes sense to reform Islam and such redact some suras of the Koran which are genuine calls for murder and hatred: Sura IV 38, V Surah 56, Surah IX, 5 ....

..... Thanks anyway to Malek Chebel have advocated an Islam of peace, but let's not be naive response to this medieval religion Luther, which still awaits its "end of the extract

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Jesus and Islam

During the Pope's visit to England last September 18, young Muslim zealots marched on his way, uttering rude and hateful insults that do no credit to their religion because Islam is better than their hatred.

Note that at this event could be seen carrying placards questions about Jesus that a Christian can not leave indifferent. Placards bore the inscription "Jesus God Is Not "(Jesus is not God), and" Jesus is a Muslim "(Jesus is a Muslim).

Regarding the first sign every Christian does can only agree because you can not say anything about God, the Trinitarian dogma comes from the misunderstanding that turned into truth of faith which is originally a game symbolic of spirits brought to the Greek intellectual speculation .. For a Christian, Jesus was a man of flesh and blood and not Dieu.Il was the son of God as we are all from God our Father. But only son you say? A simple way to express the personal nature of the filial relationship of any single man with God which he is the only child in the heart of consciousness. Trinitarian dogma as other faith has unnecessarily complicated and it is so simple as do Jews and Muslims to proclaim the oneness of God and his mystery, but that does nothing to suggest that Jesus was a saint or a prophet of Divine Love. In all cases it is not worth the trouble for s'étriper formulas produced by the Greeks 2000 years ago and that nobody understands.

affirm that Jesus is a Muslim is also a matter of vocabulary. If a Muslim is to belong to the community of believers, I do not see the difference between the Umma and the people of God. Since Vatican II, the Catholic Church also recognizes that the people of God not to be confused with the Catholic community and extends well beyond itself to all faithful believers in God. God's people is the community of believers out specific religious boundaries, which includes both the Ummah that the Jewish people is no longer a part of God's people, not its sole representative in the history of peoples and nations.

course, these designs will ecumenical screaming fundamentalists and fanatics, but we must go in this direction because we need a strong return to monotheism, without sacrificing our differences are only the nuances of our faith Common son of Abraham.