In the previous article we mentioned several times that we take for coca ... ( especially Olivier ...). It is time to tell you more!
At La Paz (Bolivia) is the museum of coca. It is a museum and educational purposes beneficial to wring the necks of ideas on this sheet, and break the image into the country as a "drug producing .
The coca leaf has existed for over 5000 years. Its use is both traditional, religious and secular.
From -2500 to -1800 years, in northern Peru today, the remains of chewing coca leaves have been discovered. The natives used his power to operate, making the bits ... In the history of medicine the coca leaf is the first known anesthetic!
It was also used in rituals to get in touch with the underworld (the dead) and the upper world (more on the future). It was and still is customary to exchange of coca leaves as a token of good manners. As explained in the museum, " coca leaf is comparable to the wafer and wine sacred ritual ... it's a social lubricant that enhances the rites and facilitates the exchange .
rather see what the history with the coca leaf ...
It was also used in rituals to get in touch with the underworld (the dead) and the upper world (more on the future). It was and still is customary to exchange of coca leaves as a token of good manners. As explained in the museum, " coca leaf is comparable to the wafer and wine sacred ritual ... it's a social lubricant that enhances the rites and facilitates the exchange .
rather see what the history with the coca leaf ...
The settlement, in 1551, the first ecclesiastical council decreed that the Lima " coca is evil" and is also " an obstacle to the Christianization ." eradication, interdiction and torture ... But soon after, the Church authorize a new culture and its consumption has observes that improving the performance of native! It even instituted a tax on production! In the words of the era, " in coca, the natives found feed their bodies and love for their pain "...
Incredible, in 1573, in the mines of Potosi (see previous article ), the value of monthly consumption of coca leaves AMOUNTED has 450 kilos of gold! was born in this era "the curse coca "
"When the conquistador white button coca leaf, all he finds is
venom on his body and his mind to madness, and when
coca tries to soothe the body, it has only
break,
as crystal ice mountains shreds. "
venom on his body and his mind to madness, and when
coca tries to soothe the body, it has only
break,
as crystal ice mountains shreds. "
And rating French ... and well in 1863, after the boom in cocaine legal (!), Angelo Mariani launched in Paris a drink called "coca wine Mariani" (0.12 grams of cocaine for 28 g of liquor). This drink is known around the world and Pope Leo XIII awarded even the gold medal was the drink! In 1886, the United States, Dr. J. Pemberton will make a copy ... which has a publicist will create a logo and give a name ... coca-cola! And say that the coca-cola almost be french ... there's a lack Angelo Mariani?
In 1914, cocaine is considered illegal and decocainee drink is ... ever since! For some numbers, the American Coca-Cola factory still buy about 200 tons of coca leaf in Bolivia and Peru from 1000 tons per year, official figures of 1990!
Unusual : consumption rating, Sigmund Freud - the father of psychoanalysis - in 1884 published his first paper on coca. Freud is the biggest consumer of cocaine in history ...
For 1kg drug cocaine from coca leaves - because " coca no es drugged " - you will need 323 kg of leaves, various acids (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetone, ether) and labor (cheap, which unfortunately exist in the northern districts of La Paz). The profit from these purchases and the sale of a kilo of pure drug is at least x 1000 ... Hard to find better.
Since the 50s, and a law in 1961, the United Nations has declared war on coca and leads high eradication campaigns in countries of South America. After billions of dollars spent to also help the farmers to cultivate something else ... Bolivia is trying to preserve its traditions by legalizing the leaf in its natural form ( Evo Morales is a former trade unionist cocalero ) while fighting against drug traffickers. These OCCURRING to supply the market U.S. and Europe and the Bolivian point a finger ... Harsh reality.
For 1kg drug cocaine from coca leaves - because " coca no es drugged " - you will need 323 kg of leaves, various acids (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetone, ether) and labor (cheap, which unfortunately exist in the northern districts of La Paz). The profit from these purchases and the sale of a kilo of pure drug is at least x 1000 ... Hard to find better.
Since the 50s, and a law in 1961, the United Nations has declared war on coca and leads high eradication campaigns in countries of South America. After billions of dollars spent to also help the farmers to cultivate something else ... Bolivia is trying to preserve its traditions by legalizing the leaf in its natural form ( Evo Morales is a former trade unionist cocalero ) while fighting against drug traffickers. These OCCURRING to supply the market U.S. and Europe and the Bolivian point a finger ... Harsh reality.
If a study from 1997 showed that chewing coca leaves:
The conclusion of this study - and the end of this paragraph on this sheet - is that coca is an adapter for the hard life at high altitude.
- improves tolerance to work
- stimulates the respiratory centers in dilating the pulmonary alveoli ;
- prevents the aggregation of blood cells thus thins the blood
- regulates glucose metabolism helping to control diabetes;
- does not prevent the consumption of food.
- stimulates the respiratory centers in dilating the pulmonary alveoli ;
- prevents the aggregation of blood cells thus thins the blood
- regulates glucose metabolism helping to control diabetes;
- does not prevent the consumption of food.
The conclusion of this study - and the end of this paragraph on this sheet - is that coca is an adapter for the hard life at high altitude.
Drug And, remember:
We remind you that you can click on pictures to enlarge ...
We leave Bolivia and arrived with difficulty in Peru, in the city of Cusco. This historic city, former capital of the Inca Empire, will be the starting point to the city of Machu Picchu.
time finding an agency to negotiate prices and to visit a museum inca, we leave "the navel of the world," meaning Cusco Quechua language from the Incas.
What? We do not talk about Incan !!!!!
time finding an agency to negotiate prices and to visit a museum inca, we leave "the navel of the world," meaning Cusco Quechua language from the Incas.
What? We do not talk about Incan !!!!!
So here we go:
The Incas were originally a small warlike tribe who resided in a plateau region south of the Cordillera Central in Peru. In the twelfth century, they began to move into the valley of Cuzco and came to have controlled a huge empire. In 1525, the territory controlled by the Incas included the southernmost part of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, Bolivia up by including a part of Argentina and Chile from the north. The empire extends nearly 3500 km from north to south and 800 km from east to west.
In historical reality, the people called "Tahuantinsuyo" and their leader is called the Inca. These are the Spaniards who named all these people the Incas.
It is estimated that the number of inhabitants of this vast region, from very different peoples was of the order of 2.5 to 16 million. The capital of Cuzco was the Inca empire which means, in Quechua ... ? we told you earlier!
However, the empire reached its maximum extent under the reign of Tupac's son, Huayna Capac. Huayna Capac died in 1525 without having designated a successor, which provoked the division of the empire. Two of his son, the half brothers Huascar and Atahualpa, the contenders for the throne and bitter struggle they fought, and which ended in 1532 with the capture of Huascar, has helped weaken the empire. The history of France has some similarities with those events not?
Machu Picchu is the most famous Inca sites. With the exception of some Quechua, inhabitants of the region, nobody knew existed until the American historian Hiram Bingham discovers not hazardous, noting in 1911, while visiting the region accompanies people. The site was, of course, covered with vegetation. Until now knowledge about the site remain superficial. Indeed, during the conquest, the Spaniards eradicated the Inca oral culture by killing people who have been known, and the Incas did not have the write to save their property ... What a tremendous loss. From then on, some believe that the city was founded during the last years of the Inca Empire, in a final burst to preserve their culture or seated back their power, others assume that the site was an astronomical observatory. In any case, the exceptional quality of the stonework and the abundance of ornaments attests that Machu Picchu was an important ceremonial center.
An overview of the evolution of the art of working stone ... not bad in the fifteenth century without electric sander or jigsaw!
When the English Pizarro Disembarkation around 1528 of document accompanying a force of about 180 men equipped with firearms and horses, the Incas believed the Spaniards were in fair-skinned made demigods Incas back. Pizarro and his small force took possession of the vast and highly centralized empire, by simply making a prisoner its leader, Atahualpa. According to the statement, invited by the English Francisco Pizarro, the Inca Atahualpa went to Cajamarca in northern Peru. Atahualpa, who were present the sacred books, refused to convert to Christianity. He even started the book down. The Spaniards used this pretext to massacre the escort of the Emperor and the village. The Inca ruler was taken prisoner. Topics will amass an extraordinary amount of gold and silver for his release, but in vain. Atahualpa Pizarro condemned to death and he will be beheaded August 29, 1533. Other versions: the Inca emperor knowing he has offered Pizarro lost the fortune that he kills him with a dagger that he may die by having his entire body and thus it can reincarnate and return to the world .
Pizarro then allowed to Manco Capac, half-brother Atahualpa, ascended the throne while using it to manipulate the people immense. A few years later, Manco led a revolt against the Spaniards. He was defeated and forced to take refuge in the mountains, where he was murdered by his companions. The empire was already decaying. The pretender to the throne last Inca, Tupac Amaru, the youngest son of Manco Capac and last representative of the male line, was beheaded by the Spaniards without issue, which definitely put an end to the reign of the Incas.
Pizarro then allowed to Manco Capac, half-brother Atahualpa, ascended the throne while using it to manipulate the people immense. A few years later, Manco led a revolt against the Spaniards. He was defeated and forced to take refuge in the mountains, where he was murdered by his companions. The empire was already decaying. The pretender to the throne last Inca, Tupac Amaru, the youngest son of Manco Capac and last representative of the male line, was beheaded by the Spaniards without issue, which definitely put an end to the reign of the Incas.
This leaves us a people belonging to the World Heritage city which was never discovered by the Spaniards!
Machu Picchu ...
One of the new 7 wonders the world. In fact you know the other 6? If yes
, read on, if not , small link:
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:New_7_Wonders_Winners.png
We have decided to join in this wonderful doing the "Jungle Trek," a journey of four days with biking and walking, all in a group of ten people ... with any planned (accommodation, food, hall etc. ...). Reasonable price for it ( € 115), so go!
One of the new 7 wonders the world. In fact you know the other 6? If yes
, read on, if not , small link:
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:New_7_Wonders_Winners.png
We have decided to join in this wonderful doing the "Jungle Trek," a journey of four days with biking and walking, all in a group of ten people ... with any planned (accommodation, food, hall etc. ...). Reasonable price for it ( € 115), so go!
Here we are all for this first day or a great downhill mountain biking is going to move my 4700 nearly 1000, a cool weather the humidity and heat almost tropical ...
Souvenir photo of South Korean, German, Colombian, American, Canadian and French.
This trek hollow on a mountainside along a river really fresh!
A Chinese firm has realized a hydroelectric plant using water from the mountains and feeding, among other things the city of Cusco. Here the water rises and joins the river dramatically !
dense vegetation, fruits, insects and animals:
... which enjoys the most?
The high in the mist ... Inca ruins are well hidden.
last night in Aguas Calientes, the village as Machu. Tomorrow survey, 0330 for setting off of 4:15. Thousand seven hundred stone steps separate us from the Incan city. Almost one hour climb in the light of the headlamp. We are at the gates before 0600, and enter the site with the mist that rises, fantastic vision:
boots in the mist ...
we will have a guide espanol to better discover the extent of this city.
Back to Machu Picchu, view of the Cordillera Blanca, with other peaks at 6000 m or in a few days we will make our final trek.
left, assumptions about how the Inca cleft boulders. On the right you can see a wall with original stones and above an attempted renovation. As they say here:
"a work of Inca and work incapable"!
This mountain is the Wayna Picchu. We observe the Inca city and we will deliver lower small video retracing the history of Machu humbly ...
200 people accessing the wyana Picchu at 07:00 and another 200 at 10:00 am, that's all. We will!
That Machu Picchu, and the real plan!
left the city, the road to be reached by bus ... the steps we have taken straight through the forest.
Prudence to descend on the home market and under the watchful eye of the llama.
last shots on the other hand, already 9:00 we are on the site!
And farewell to the city, with this fantastic vision of mountains that surround and protect.
excited about this new enhancement to our trip, we go down the 1700 steps ( legs hello! ) to return to the hotel and catch our train to Cusco. But not everything is going not as expected!
no reserved seats for us. The agency did not provide our prepaid tickets at the station and the controller will not listen: we will not come up in the train schedule! Moreover, this charming controller does not sell us up the next train, we said come back tomorrow but due to a movement to strike anyway trains will not leave until three days ... ZEN !!!!!!!!!!!!!
With the help of a local we will return to the situation and obtain for us and the South Koreans accompanying us the famous notes ...
One night in Cusco then to dream and walk again in Machu Picchu, then head north of Lima Huaraz by bus at night. Program, treks in the Cordillera Blanca ... in less than 15 days is France.
We soon find ourselves for the last item!
With the help of a local we will return to the situation and obtain for us and the South Koreans accompanying us the famous notes ...
One night in Cusco then to dream and walk again in Machu Picchu, then head north of Lima Huaraz by bus at night. Program, treks in the Cordillera Blanca ... in less than 15 days is France.
We soon find ourselves for the last item!
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